beta-Catenin Antibody Sampler Kit

β-catenin is a key downstream effector in the Wnt signaling pathway (1). It is implicated in two major biological processes in vertebrates: early embryonic development (2) and tumorigenesis (3). CK1 phosphorylates β-catenin at Ser45. This phosphorylation event primes β-catenin for subsequent phosphorylation by GSK-3β (4-6). GSK-3β destabilizes β-catenin by phosphorylating it at Ser33, Ser37, and Thr41 (7). Mutations at these sites result in the stabilization of β-catenin protein levels and have been found in many tumor cell lines (8).Both Akt and PKA were shown to phosphorylate β-catenin at Ser552 and Ser675. Phosphorylation at Ser552 and Ser675 induces β-catenin accumulation in the nucleus and increases its transcriptional activity (9-12). 1.Cadigan, K.M. and Nusse, R. (1997) Genes Dev 11, 3286-3305. 2.Wodarz, A. and Nusse, R. (1998) Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 14, 59-88. 3.Polakis, P. (1999) Curr Opin Genet Dev 9, 15-21. 4.Amit, S. et al. (2002) Genes Dev 16, 1066-76. 5.Liu, C. et al. (2002) Cell 108, 837-47. 6.Yanagawa, S. et al. (2002) EMBO J 21, 1733-42. 7.Yost, C. et al. (1996) Genes Dev 10, 1443-54. 8.Morin, P.J. et al. (1997) Science 275, 1787-90. 9.Taurin, S. et al. (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281, 9971-9976. 10.Fang, D. et al. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282, 11221-11229. 11.He, X.C. et al. (2007) Nat. Genet. 39, 189-198. 12.Hino, S. et al. (2005) Mol. Cell Biol. 25, 9063-9072.