Smad2/3 Antibody Sampler Kit

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and development in a wide range of biological systems. In general, signaling is initiated with ligand-induced oligomerization of serine/ threonine receptor kinases and phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic signaling molecules Smad2 and Smad3 for the TGF-β/activin pathway, or Smad1/5/8 for the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. Carboxy-terminal phosphorylation of Smad proteins by activated receptors results in their partnering with the common signaling transducer Smad4, and translocation to the nucleus. Activated Smad proteins regulate diverse biological effects by partnering with transcription factors resulting in cell-state specific modulation of transcription (1-4). 1.Horbelt, D. et al. (2012) Int J Biochem Cell Biol 44, 469-74. 2.Ikushima, H. and Miyazono, K. (2010) Nat Rev Cancer 10, 415-24. 3.Kitisin, K. et al. (2007) Sci STKE 2007, cm1. 4.Schmierer, B. and Hill, C.S. (2007) Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8, 970-82.